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Science Islam .com Amazing Facts |
Modern Day Science - Thanks To: Muslim Scholars |
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Human Flight
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Father of Modern Surgery |
Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahravi (Albucasis) Surgery, Medicine. (Father of Modern Surgery) 936 - 1013 |
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First Manned Rocket |
Logari Hasan Celebi, another member of the Celebi family, sent the first manned rocket, using 150 okka (about 300 pounds) of gunpowder as the firing fuel. | |
World's First War Rocket |
Tipu, Sultan of Mysore [1783-1799] in the south of India, was the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of his rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatana, are displayed in the Woolwich Museum Artillery in London. The rocket motor casing was made of steel with multiple nozzles. The rocket, 50mm in diameter and 250mm long, had a range performance of 900 meters to 1.5 km. |
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Optics to Geometry
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Optics - Conical Mirrors - |
Abu Sahl al-Kuhi Persian mathematician Abu Sahl Waijan ibn Rustam al-Quhi (10th century), also known as Abu Sahl al-Kuhi or just Kuhi, was a leading figure in a revival and continuation of Greek higher geometry in the Islamic world. He studied optics and investigated the optical properties of mirrors made from conic sections. He also did some important work on the centers of gravity. |
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Spherical Geometry to Astronomy - |
Sine & Tangent Abu Nasr Mansur Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq (970-1036) applied spherical geometry to astronomy and also used formulas involving sine and tangent. He is well known for discovering the sine law. |
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Sine Formula In Astronomy - |
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Advanced Numeral System Al-Baghdadi Arab mathematician al-Baghdadi (b. 980) looked at a slight variant of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem of amicable numbers. There were three different types of arithmetic used around this period and, by the end of the 10th century, authors such as al-Baghdadi were writing texts comparing the three numeral systems: Finger-reckoning arithmetic (a system derived from counting on the fingers with the numerals written entirely in words), the sexagesimal numeral system (developed by the Babylonians), and the Indo-Arabic numerals. This third system of calculating allowed most of the advances in numerical methods. Al-Baghdadi also contributed to improvements in the Indo-Arabic decimal system. |
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Omar Khayyam
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8th Century 700 - 799 Chemistry - Zoological |
Muslim scientists from the 8th to the 16th century CE (700 to 1500) 800 Years! |
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This is only a partial list of leading Muslims scholars. Major Muslim contributions continued beyond the fifteenth century. |
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Chemistry - The Father of Chemistry (Geber) Animal Husbandry - Botany - Zoology Algorithm (named after Al-Khwarizmi) Animals - Zoology - Rhetoric - Lexicography |
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9th Century 800 - 899 Mathematics - Astronomy - Geography - Algebra - Calculus |
Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (Alkindus) Philosophy, Physics, Optics, Medicine, Mathematics, Metallurgy. 800 - 873 |
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Flight - Planetarium |
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Medicine - Math - Literature |
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Astronomy - Trigonometry |
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10th Century 900 - 999 Opthalmology - Chemistry - Astronomy |
Al-Razi (Rhazes) Medicine, Ophthalmology, Smallpox, Chemistry, Astronomy. 864 - 930 |
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Al-Farabi (Al-Pharabius) Sociology, Logic, Philosophy, Political Science. 870 - 950 |
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Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu'di Geography, History. Died 957 |
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Father of Modern Surgery |
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Astronomy - Geometry - Trigonometry |
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11th Century (C.E.) Physics - Optics |
Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen) Physics, Optics, Mathematics. 965 - 1040 |
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Al-Mawardi (Alboacen) Political Science, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Ethics. 972 - 1058 |
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Abu Raihan Al-Biruni Astronomy, Mathematics. (Determined Earth's Circumference) 973-1048 |
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Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy. 981 - 1037 |
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Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) Astronomy (Invented Astrolabe). 1028 - 1087 |
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Omar Al-Khayyam Mathematics, Poetry. 1044 - 1123 |
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Al-Ghazali (Algazel) Sociology, Theology, Philosophy. 1058 - 1111 |
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Twefth 12th Century Translators of Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages |
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Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya (Ibn Bajjah) Philosophy, Medicine, Mathematics, Astronomy, Poetry, Music. 1106 - 1138 |
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Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) Surgery, Medicine. 1091 - 1161 |
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| Al-Idrisi (Dreses) Geography (World Map, First Globe). 1099 - 1166 | ||
| Ibn Tufayl, Abdubacer Philosophy, Medicine, Poetry. 1110 - 1185 | ||
| Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Astronomy, Theology. 1128 - 1198 | ||
| Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius) Astronomy (died 1204) | ||
Thirteenth Century
1200 - 1299 (C.E.) |
Second wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure over a period of one hundred and twelve years. Crusader invasions (1217-1291) and Mongol invasions (1219-1329). |
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1236 - 1248
Fall of Cordoba, Valencia & Seville |
Crusaders active throughout the Mediterranean from Jerusalem and west to Muslim Spain. Fall of Muslim Cordoba (1236), Valencia (1238) and Seville (1248). | |
1258 Fall of Bagdad (Iraq) |
Mongols devastation from the eastern most Muslim frontier, Central and Western Asia, India, Persia to Arab heartland. Fall of Baghdad (1258) and the end of Abbasid Caliphate. Two million Muslims massacred in Baghdad. Major scientific institutions, laboratories, and infrastructure destroyed in leading Muslim centers of civilization. Refer to "A Chronology of Muslim History Parts III, IV." | |
| Ibn Al-Baitar Pharmacy, Botany (died 1248) | ||
1248 - 1288 |
Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi Astronomy, Non-Euclidean Geometry. 1201 - 1274 | |
Fourteenth Century
1300 - 1399 (C.E.) |
Jalal Al-Din Rumi Sociology 1207 - 1273 | |
| Ibn Al-Nafis Damishqui Anatomy 1213 - 1288 | ||
| Al-Fida (Abdulfeda) Astronomy, Geography, Histrory. 1273 - 1331 | ||
| Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (Ibn Battuta) World Traveler 75,000 mile voyage Morocco to China & back 1304 - 1369 | ||
| Ibn Khaldun Sociology, Philosophy of History, Political Science. 1332 - 1395 | ||
Fifteenth Century (C.E.)
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Ulugh Beg Astronomy 1393 - 1449 |
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Third Devastation
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Third wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure. End
of Muslim rule in Spain (January 12, 1492). More than one million volumes of Muslim works on science, arts,
philosophy and culture was burnt in the public square of Vivarrambla in Granada. Colonization began
in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Refer to "A Chronology of Muslim History Parts IV, V (e.g., 1455, 1494, 1500, 1510, 1524, and 1538)" |
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Geometry
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Geometrical Problems in Algebra |
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| Quadratic Equations 'Abd al-Hamid ibn Turk contributed to the study of quadratic equations . |
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| Amicable Numbers - Curves in Sundials - Astronomy Thabit ibn Qurra Arab mathematician and geometer Thabit ibn Qurra (b. 836) made many contributions to mathematics, particularly geometry. In his work on number theory, he discovered an important theorem which allowed pairs of amicable numbers to be found, that is two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other. Amicable numbers later played a large role in Islamic mathematics. Astronomy, time-keeping and geography provided other motivations for geometrical and trigonometrical research. Thabit ibn Qurra, also studied curves required in the construction of sundials. Thabit ibn Qurra also undertook both theoretical and observational work in astronomy. |
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Algebra - Astronomy Almagest - Medicine - Astronomy - Meterology - Metaphysics |
Development of Algebra - Trigonometry - |
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| Abu Kamil Egyptian mathematician Abu Kamil ibn Aslam (850) forms an important link in the development of algebra between al- Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. He had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as (a = x+y). He also studied algebra using irrational numbers. |
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| Improved on Ptolemy's data - Trigonometrical relations Al-Batanni Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Battani (868-929) the Arab mathematician and astronomer made accurate astronomical observations which allowed him to improve on Ptolemy's data for the Sun and the Moon. He also produced a number of trigonometrical relationships: He also solved the equation sin x = a cos x discovering the formula: and used al-Marwazi's idea of tangents ("shadows") to develop equations for calculating tangents and cotangents, compiling tables of them. |
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| Mathematical Treatise - Medicine - Science - Almagest - Astronomy - Meteorological phenomena, Metaphysics Sinan ibn Thabit Arab scientist Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (c. 880-943) was the son of Thabit ibn Qurra and the father of Ibrahim ibn Sinan. He wrote the mathematical treatise On the elements of geometry, a commentary on Archimedes ' On triangles, and several other astronomical and political treatises. He studied medicine, the science of Euclid , the Almagest, astronomy, the theories of meteorological phenomena, logic and metaphysics. |
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| Math - Algebra - Numeral Systems - Geometry - Trigonometry - Astronomy Ibrahim ibn Sinan Although Islamic mathematicians are most famed for their work on algebra, number theory and numeral systems, they also made considerable contributions to geometry, trigonometry and mathematical astronomy. Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (b. 908), son of Sinan ibn Thabit and grandson of Thabit ibn Qurra, introduced a method of integration more general than that of Archimedes, and was a leading figure in a revival and continuation of Greek higher geometry in the Islamic world. He studied optics and investigated the optical properties of mirrors made from conic sections. Like his grandfather,Ibrahim ibn Sinan also studied curves required in the construction of sundials, for the purposes of astronomy, time-keeping and geography, which provided motivations for geometrical and trigonometrical research. |
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Modified Indian Arithmatic Numerals (Arabic Numbers of Today) |
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| First Tangent Function Abul Wa'fa Persian mathematician Abu'l-Wafa (940-998) invented the tangent function. The Indo-Arabic system of calculating allowed the extraction of roots by Abu'l-Wa'fa. Abu'l-Wa'fa applied spherical geometry to astronomy and also used formulas involving sine and tangent. |
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| Algebra - Integral Powers & Roots of Unknown Quantities Abu Bakr al-Karaji Algebra was further developed by Persian mathematician Abu Bakr al-Karaji (953-1029) in his treatise al-Fakhri, where he extends the methodology to incorporate integral powers and integral roots of unknown quantities. Al-Karaji is seen by many as the first person to completely free algebra from geometrical operations and to replace them with the arithmetical type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. He was first to define the monomials and and to give rules for products of any two of these. He started a school of algebra which flourished for several hundreds of years. The discovery of the binomial theorem for integer exponents by al-Karaji was a major factor in the development of numerical analysis based on the decimal system. |
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| Classify All Even Perfect Numbers Al-Haytham (b. 965), also known as Alhazen, in his work on number theory, first to attempt to classify all even perfect numbers (numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors) as those of the form where is prime. Al-Haytham is also the first person to state Wilson's theorem, namely that p is prime if and only if (p-1)!= -1 (mod p). It is unclear whether he knew how to prove this result. It is called Wilson's theorem only because of a comment made by Edward Waring in 1770 that John Wilson had noticed the result. There is no evidence that John Wilson knew how to prove it and most certainly Waring did not. Joseph Louis Lagrange gave the first proof in 1771 and it should be noticed that it is more than 750 years after al-Haytham before number theory surpasses this achievement of Islamic mathematics. Al-Haytham also studied optics and investigated the optical properties of mirrors made from conic sections. |
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| Precise Description of Algebra Al-Samawal Moroccan mathematician Al-Samawal (b. 1130) was an important member of al-Karaji's school of algebra. Al-Samawal was the first to give the new topic of algebra a precise description when he wrote that it was concerned "with operating on unknowns using all the arithmetical tools, in the same way as the arithmetician operates on the known." |
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| Cubic Equations - Alegbraic Geometry Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi Persian mathematician Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi (b. 1135), although almost exactly the same age as al-Samawal, did not follow the general development that came through al-Karaji's school of algebra but rather followed Khayyam's application of algebra to geometry. He wrote a treatise on cubic equations, which represents an essential contribution to another algebra which aimed to study curves by means of equations, thus inaugurating the beginning of algebraic geometry. |
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| Developed Spherical Trigonometry Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Spherical trigonometry was largely developed by Muslims, and systematized (along with plane trigonometry) by Persian mathematician Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274). He also wrote influential work on Euclid's parallel postulate. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, like many other Muslim mathematicians, based his theoretical astronomy on Ptolemy's work, but al-Tusi made the most significant development in the Ptolemaic planetary system until the development of the Nicolaus Copernicus. One of these developments is the Tusi-couple, which was later used in the Copernican model. |
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| Symbols in Algebra Ibn Al-Banna Moroccan mathematician ibn al-Banna (b. 1256) used symbols in algebra, though symbols were used by other Islamic mathematicians at least a century before this. |
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| Factorization and Combinational Methods - Math on Light Al-Farisi Persian mathematician Al-Farisi (b. 1260) gave new proof of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem of amicable numbers, introduced important new ideas concerning factorisation and combinatorial methods. He also gave the pair of amicable numbers 17,296 and 18,416 which have been attributed to Leonhard Euler, but we know that these were known earlier than al-Farisi, perhaps even by Thabit ibn Qurra himself. Apart from number theory, his other major contribution to mathematics was on light. |
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| Decimal Fractions - Algebra & Real Numbers Ghiyath al-Kashi Persian mathematician Ghiyath al-Kashi (1380-1429) contributed to the development of decimal fractions not only for approximating algebraic numbers, but also for real numbers such as ð, which he computed to 16 decimal place of accuracy. His contribution to decimal fractions is so major that for many years he was considered as their inventor. Kashi also developed an algorithm for calculating nth roots, which was a special case of the methods given many centuries later by Ruffini and Horner. Al-Kashi also produced tables of trigonometric functions as part of his studies of astronomy. His sine tables were correct to 4 sexagesimal digits, which corresponds to approximately 8 decimal places of accuracy. The construction of astronomical instruments such as the astrolabe, invented by Mohammad al-Fazari, was also a speciality of Muslim mathematicians. |
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| Ulugh Beg Timurid mathematician Ulugh Beg (1393 or 1394 – 1449), also ruler of the Timurid Empire, produced tables of trigonometric functions as part of his studies of astronomy. His sine and tangent tables were correct to 8 decimal places of accuracy. |
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| Al-Qalasadi Moorish mathematician Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi (b. 1412) used symbols in algebra, though symbols were used by other Islamic mathematicians much earlier. In the time of the Ottoman Empire (from 15th century onwards) the development of Islamic mathematics became stagnant. This parallels the stagnation of mathematics when the Romans conquerored the Hellenistic world. |
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| Muhammad Baqir Yazdi In the 17th century, Muhammad Baqir Yazdi gave the pair of amicable numbers 9,363,584 and 9,437,056 many years before Euler's contribution to amicable numbers. |
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By Share Islam Project @2009